肺 高血压

迹象 & 症状

肺动脉高压分为五种不同类型:

• 肺动脉高压(PAH). This form affects blood vessels in the lungs that carry blood from the heart to the lungs where it picks up oxygen. 此类别分为两类:
  • Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is very rare and can occur for no known reason. 在大约10%的病例中，它是遗传的. It most often occurs in young adults and is more than twice as common in women as men.
  • PAH related to exposure to toxins including diet drugs such as fenphen; street drugs including cocaine and methamphetamine; HIV; collagen vascular diseases including scleroderma, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis; chronic liver disease; and congenital heart diseases.
• 肺静脉高压(PVH). 这种形式是由左心疾病引起的, 比如心力衰竭或二尖瓣疾病. This can increase pulmonary artery blood pressure but usually doesn't become severe PAH.
• 呼吸系统. 肺动脉高压 can be associated with diseases of the respiratory system including interstitial lung disease, 肺气肿, 哮喘支气管炎, 睡眠呼吸暂停和长期暴露在高海拔地区.
• 慢性血栓. 肺血管中的血凝块
• 血管疾病. 肺动脉高压 due to disorders directly affecting the blood vessels in the lungs such as parasites, 或者是血管发炎.

在疾病的早期阶段没有特定的体征和症状. 可能出现的症状——比如呼吸急促, 疲劳和胸痛——在许多其他疾病中也很常见. 其他可能出现的症状包括头晕, 脚踝和腿部肿胀, 晕厥，嘴唇和皮肤泛青.

随着时间的推移, pulmonary arterial hypertension can damage your heart to the point of danger and result in complications that can interfere with your daily life. 肺动脉高压的并发症包括:

• 右心室增大
• 血凝块

诊断

肺动脉高压 in its early stages is difficult to recognize on routine physical exam. It may be two or three years after onset that 症状 become severe enough to be noticed.

肺动脉高压主要通过超声心动图诊断, 哪一种是心脏超声检查. The echocardiogram measures the heart's size and shape by using sound waves to create an image of the heart and can estimate the pulmonary artery pressure.

• 心电图(ECG或EKG)用来测量你的心电功能
• Right heart catheterization to measure blood pressure inside the heart and blood vessels of the lungs and measure blood flow. This test is performed in all patients to confirm the diagnosis and to help guide therapy.
• 六分钟步行测验
• 评估你完成日常生活任务的能力

如果你的十大赌博平台排行榜确定你有肺动脉高压, 下一个任务是找出造成这种情况的原因. 用于确定原因的测试包括:

• 电脑断层摄影术, 叫做CT或CAT, 扫描看看肺部是否有血块或其他疾病
• 肺功能检查排除阻塞性肺疾病
• Sleep study to see if you have sleep apnea, a condition in which you may stop breathing during sleep
• 实验室检查排除肝炎、胶原蛋白病、HIV或其他疾病

如果没有发现肺动脉高压的明显原因, 诊断为原发性肺动脉高压. If a cause is elucidated, then the diagnosis is secondary pulmonary hypertension.

The New York 心 Association and the World Health Organization (WHO) use the following system to classify pulmonary arterial hypertension.

肺动脉高压分为四类:

• 类1. 你被诊断患有这种疾病，但没有任何症状. 普通的体育活动不会引起过度的不适.
• 二班. 你的症状只在活动时出现，而在休息时不会出现
• 3班. 休息时没有症状，但即使是轻微的运动也会出现症状
• 第4类. 你休息的时候也有症状

治疗

The treatment f或者继发性肺动脉高压 usually begins with treating the underlying cause. 例如, 如果是血凝块, 或者肺栓塞, 导致高血压, 血块可能需要通过手术清除.

有几种治疗方法可用于治疗原发性肺动脉高压, 尽管它们不能治愈这种疾病. 这些包括:

• 钙通道阻断药物. These help the heart pump better by relaxing muscles in the walls of blood vessels.
• 内皮素受体拮抗剂(ERAs). 这些药物可以逆转内皮素的作用, 血管收缩物质血管中引起收缩的物质.
• 持续输注丙烯醇. 这种药物可以扩张和逆转肺部血管的增厚, 并有助于防止血小板凝结血液. It has to be administered continuously via an implanted catheter and a portable, 电池驱动泵. 这种药持续不到六分钟, 这就是为什么它必须持续注入血液的原因.
• 抗凝血剂. 这些药物有助于防止血液凝固，从而使血液流动得更好.
• 利尿剂. Prescribed to minimize water retention, a condition that makes the heart work harder.
• 地高辛. 这种药可以帮助右边的心脏更好地泵血.
• 生活方式的改变. Adequate rest, a healthy diet, exercise and stress reduction can help control the disease. 肺动脉高压患者应避免吸烟, 怀孕, 避孕药和高海拔.
• 补充氧气. 这是用于血液中氧含量低的病人.
• 肺或心肺移植. These procedures are employed for patients with severe pulmonary hypertension and extremely poor quality of life. 这是最后的手段.